《科學》（20231110出版）一周論文導讀

原文地址：http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2023/11/512158.shtm

編譯 | 李言

Science, 10 NOV 2023, Volume 382 Issue 6671

《科學》2023年11月10日，第382卷，6671期

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物理學Physics

Quantum control of trapped polyatomic molecules for eEDM searches

用于電子電偶極矩搜尋的捕獲多原子分子的量子控制

▲ 作者：LO?C ANDEREGG , NATHANIEL B. VILAS et al.

▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adg8155

▲ 摘要：

在這項研究中，我們建立了氫氧化鈣中單個量子態的相干控制，并展示了一種尋找電子電偶極矩（eEDM）的方法。在單量子態下制備了光學捕獲的超冷氫氧化鈣分子在電場中極化，并相干轉移到eEDM敏感態，在此狀態下進行了電子自旋進動測量。

為了延長相干時間，我們使用了具有可調諧的近零磁場靈敏度的eEDM敏感態。我們的研究結果為捕獲多原子分子的eEDM搜尋開拓了一條路徑。

▲ Abstract：

In this work, we established coherent control of individual quantum states in calcium monohydroxide (CaOH) and demonstrated a method for searching for the electron electric dipole moment (eEDM). Optically trapped, ultracold CaOH molecules were prepared in a single quantum state, polarized in an electric field, and coherently transferred into an eEDM-sensitive state where an electron spin precession measurement was performed. To extend the coherence time, we used eEDM-sensitive states with tunable, near-zero magnetic field sensitivity. Our results establish a path for eEDM searches with trapped polyatomic molecules.

機器學習Machine Learning

Prediction-powered inference

預測驅動推演

▲ 作者：ANASTASIOS N. ANGELOPOULOS, STEPHEN BATES et al.

▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adi6000

▲ 摘要：

預測驅動推演是一種框架方法，當實驗數據集補充了機器學習系統的預測時，它可以用于執行有效的統計推演。該框架使用簡單算法，用于計算可證明有效的置信區間，如平均值、分位數、線性和邏輯回歸系數，而無需對提供預測的機器學習算法進行任何假設。

此外，更準確的預測意味著更小的置信區間。預測驅動推演可以使研究人員利用機器學習得出有效的、更有效的數據效率結論。我們通過蛋白質組學、天文學、基因組學、遙感、人口普查分析和生態學的數據集已經證明了預測驅動推演的優勢。

▲ Abstract：

Prediction-powered inference is a framework for performing valid statistical inference when an experimental dataset is supplemented with predictions from a machine-learning system. The framework yields simple algorithms for computing provably valid confidence intervals for quantities such as means, quantiles, and linear and logistic regression coefficients without making any assumptions about the machine-learning algorithm that supplies the predictions. Furthermore, more accurate predictions translate to smaller confidence intervals. Prediction-powered inference could enable researchers to draw valid and more data-efficient conclusions using machine learning. The benefits of prediction-powered inference were demonstrated with datasets from proteomics, astronomy, genomics, remote sensing, census analysis, and ecology.

材料科學Materials Science

Hierarchically structured passive radiative cooling ceramic with high solar reflectivity

具有高太陽反射率的分層結構被動輻射冷卻陶瓷

▲ 作者：KAIXIN LIN, SIRU CHEN et al.

▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adi4725

▲ 摘要：

我們開發了一種蜂窩陶瓷，可以實現高效的光散射和近乎完美的99.6%的太陽反射率。這些特性加上高熱發射率，使陶瓷在室外環境中可以提供連續的亞環境制冷，中午的冷卻功率大于每平方米130瓦，展示了全球范圍的節能潛力。

陶瓷顏色、耐候性、機械堅固性和抑制萊頓弗羅斯特效應的能力等特點，確保其耐用性和通用性，從而促進其在各種應用中的商業化，尤其是建筑施工領域。

▲ Abstract：

We developed a cellular ceramic that can achieve highly efficient light scattering and a near-perfect solar reflectivity of 99.6%. These qualities, coupled with high thermal emissivity, allow the ceramic to provide continuous subambient cooling in an outdoor setting with a cooling power of >130 watts per square meter at noon, demonstrating energy-saving potential on a worldwide scale. The color, weather resistance, mechanical robustness, and ability to depress the Leidenfrost effect are key features ensuring the durable and versatile nature of the cooling ceramic, thereby facilitating its commercialization in various applications, particularly building construction.

生態學Ecolony

Plant size, latitude, and phylogeny explain within-population variability in herbivory

植物的大小、生長緯度和系統發育可以解釋植食性種群內的變異

▲ 作者：THE HERBIVORY VARIABILITY NETWORK

▲ 鏈接：hhttps://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adh8830

▲ 摘要：

植物和食草動物之間的相互作用是大多數生態系統的核心，但它們的力量是具有高度可變性的。一個系統內的可變性會影響植物—食草動物生物學的大多數方面，從生態穩定性到植物防御進化。然而，我們對影響變異的因素的理解受到數據缺乏的影響。

我們收集了橫跨116°個緯度的790個站點、503種植物的食草性調查。通過這些數據，我們發現食草動物種群內的變異隨緯度增加而增加，隨植物大小而減少，并且具有系統發育結構。

因此，變異幅度的差異是植物—食草動物生物學如何在宏觀尺度梯度上變化的核心。我們認為，增加對相互作用變異性的關注將促進對地球上生命模式的理解。

▲ Abstract：

Interactions between plants and herbivores are central in most ecosystems, but their strength is highly variable. The amount of variability within a system is thought to influence most aspects of plant-herbivore biology, from ecological stability to plant defense evolution. Our understanding of what influences variability, however, is limited by sparse data. We collected standardized surveys of herbivory for 503 plant species at 790 sites across 116° of latitude. With these data, we show that within-population variability in herbivory increases with latitude, decreases with plant size, and is phylogenetically structured. Differences in the magnitude of variability are thus central to how plant-herbivore biology varies across macroscale gradients. We argue that increased focus on interaction variability will advance understanding of patterns of life on Earth.

環境科學Environmental Science

Rising wildfire risk to houses in the United States, especially in grasslands and shrublands

美國房屋面臨的野火風險不斷上升，尤其在草地和灌木地地區

▲ 作者：OLKER C. RADELOFF, MIRANDA H. MOCKRIN et al.

▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.ade9223

▲ 摘要：

房屋面臨的野火風險正在增加，特別是在荒地—城市地界（WUI），那里的荒地植被和房屋距離很近。值得注意的是，我們發現更多的美國房屋在草地和灌木叢火災中被燒毀，而非森林火災。

森林火災更有可能造成破壞，但它們更少影響到荒地—城市地界。20世紀90年代以來，由于住房增長（造成額外的47%的房屋數量）和更多的燒毀地區（53%），受野火影響的房屋數量翻了一番。

大多數受影響的房屋都在荒地—城市地界，盡管沒有以前那么快，但這些房屋在2010年代曾大幅增長。然而，任何荒地—城市地界的擴張都會增加房屋的野火風險，而更多的火災會增加現有荒地—城市地界房屋的風險。

▲ Abstract：

Wildfire risks to homes are increasing, especially in the wildland-urban interface (WUI), where wildland vegetation and houses are in close proximity. Notably, we found that more houses are exposed to and destroyed by grassland and shrubland fires than by forest fires in the United States. Destruction was more likely in forest fires, but they burned less WUI. The number of houses within wildfire perimeters has doubled since the 1990s because of both housing growth (47% of additionally exposed houses) and more burned area (53%). Most exposed houses were in the WUI, which grew substantially during the 2010s (2.6 million new WUI houses), albeit not as rapidly as before. Any WUI growth increases wildfire risk to houses though, and more fires increase the risk to existing WUI houses.

人類學Anthropology

Early Homo erectus lived at high altitudes and produced both Oldowan and Acheulean tools

早期的直立人生活在高海拔地區，同時能生產奧杜威工具和阿舍利工具

▲ 作者：MARGHERITA MUSSI, MATTHEW M. SKINNER et al.

▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.add9115

▲ 摘要：

在非洲，與石器有直接聯系的古人類遺骸很少，限制了將能人和直立人與特定的石器工業聯系起來的研究發展。在埃塞俄比亞高地Garba IV (Melka Kunture) E層發現的嬰兒下頜骨對這一問題至關重要，因為它與奧杜威石器產業直接相關。

在此，我們使用同步加速器成像檢查了未萌出恒牙的內部形態，并確認其鑒定為直立人。

此外，我們使用修正的古地磁年齡來證明：（1）E層發現的下頜骨距今約200萬年，是最早的直立人化石之一；（2）D層發現的下頜骨距今約195萬年，其中保存有目前已知最早的阿舍利工具。

▲ Abstract：